proponentn.C1
支持者，倡导者
a proponent of · strong proponents
Proponents of the scheme argue that it will reduce traffic congestion.
该方案的支持者认为它将减少交通拥堵。
学完能做到
- 写出清晰的双边议论文，结构严谨，观点有深度
- 在讨论中灵活运用让步、反驳和有条件的结论
- 听懂含正反观点的日常对话或公告，并抓住说话人态度
- 准确使用高级语法结构（名词化、强调句、让步状语）提升表达
词汇 core 14 · expansion 20 · chunks 8
核心词 core
opponentn.B2
反对者
a fierce opponent · opponents of the plan
Opponents fear that the measure would be too costly.
反对者担心这项措施成本太高。
interventionn.C1
干预，介入
government intervention · state intervention
Some believe that state intervention is necessary to protect public health.
有人认为国家干预对于保护公众健康是必要的。
regulatev.B2
管理，控制
regulate the industry · heavily regulated
The government needs to regulate the food industry more strictly.
政府需要更严格地管理食品行业。
restrictionn.C1
限制，约束
impose restrictions · tighten restrictions
New restrictions on advertising were introduced last year.
去年出台了新的广告限制。
discriminatoryadj.C1
歧视性的，不公平的
a discriminatory policy · highly discriminatory
The tax was criticised as being discriminatory against low-income families.
这项税收被批评为对低收入家庭歧视。
obesityn.B2
肥胖症
childhood obesity · rising obesity
Obesity has become a serious public health issue.
肥胖已成为一个严重的公共健康问题。
chronicadj.C1
慢性的，长期的
a chronic disease · chronic condition
Many chronic diseases are linked to lifestyle.
许多慢性病与生活方式有关。
prevalencen.C1
普遍，流行
the prevalence of obesity · growing prevalence
The rising prevalence of diabetes is alarming.
糖尿病患病率的上升令人担忧。
nutritionn.B2
营养
good nutrition · poor nutrition
Good nutrition is essential for growing children.
良好的营养对成长中的儿童至关重要。
well-beingn.B2+
健康，幸福
mental well-being · promote well-being
Regular exercise contributes to both physical and mental well-being.
规律运动对身心健康都有益。
compellingadj.C1
令人信服的
a compelling argument · compelling evidence
There is compelling evidence to support this view.
有令人信服的证据支持这一观点。
justifyv.B2
证明…正确，为…辩护
justify a decision · cannot be justified
Can such a high cost really be justified?
如此高昂的成本真的合理吗？
counterproductiveadj.C1
产生反效果的
a counterproductive measure · prove counterproductive
Banning all advertising might be counterproductive.
禁止所有广告可能适得其反。
扩展词库 expansion
subsidisev.C1
资助，补贴
subsidise public transport · heavily subsidised
incentiven.B2
激励，刺激
a financial incentive · provide an incentive
emitv.B2
排放，散发
emit carbon dioxide
greenhouse gasn.B2
温室气体
greenhouse gas emissions
congestionn.B2
拥堵，拥挤
traffic congestion
commutern.B2
通勤者
rail commuters
viableadj.C1
可行的
a viable alternative
obesityn.B2
肥胖
childhood obesity
chronicadj.C1
慢性的
chronic disease
sedentaryadj.C1
久坐的
a sedentary lifestyle
initiativen.B2
倡议，新方案
a government initiative
oppositionn.B2
反对，反抗
face strong opposition
implementv.B2
实施，执行
implement a policy
deterrentn.C1
威慑物
act as a deterrent
legislationn.B2
法律，法规
new legislation
enforcev.B2
强制执行
enforce a law
complyv.B2
遵守
comply with regulations
justifiableadj.C1
有理由的
a justifiable reason
compromisen.B2
妥协，折中
reach a compromise
balancedadj.B2
平衡的，均衡的
a balanced approach
词块 / 生存短语 chunks
a two-sided debate双面辩论
The issue of banning smoking in public places is a classic two-sided debate.
公共场所禁烟是一个典型的双面辩论议题。
at the expense of以…为代价
Economic growth should not come at the expense of the environment.
经济增长不应以牺牲环境为代价。
strike a balance找到平衡
It is important to strike a balance between freedom and regulation.
在自由和监管之间找到平衡很重要。
a matter of personal choice个人选择的问题
Many people see diet as a matter of personal choice.
许多人将饮食视为个人选择。
on the other hand另一方面
On the other hand, there are valid concerns about the cost.
另一方面，对成本的担忧也是合理的。
take into account考虑到
We need to take into account the long-term effects.
我们需要考虑到长期影响。
in the long run从长远来看
Investing in public health saves money in the long run.
从长远来看，投资于公共卫生能省钱。
a point of contention争议点
The funding model remains a point of contention.
资金模式仍然是一个争议点。
语法 语言升级点
Concessive clauses and contrastive structuresC1
让步在双边讨论中至关重要，可先承认对方观点合理之处，再提出自己立场或反驳，使论证更平衡、有深度。
While / Although / Even though + clause, main clause; Despite / In spite of + noun/-ing; Admittedly, …
让步不是示弱，而是展现你考虑了多方视角。例如：While it is true that the tax would hit low-income families harder, the long-term benefits to public health outweigh this short-term concern. 这种结构让文章更成熟。
例句
Although the scheme has its drawbacks in terms of cost, the environmental impact cannot be ignored.
尽管该计划在成本方面有其缺陷，但其环境影响不容忽视。
Admittedly, some measures may seem intrusive, but without them, the situation would only worsen.
诚然，有些措施可能显得干涉个人生活，但若无这些措施，情况只会恶化。
常见错误
✗ Although the tax is high, but it is effective. → ✓ Although the tax is high, it is effective.
英语中although与but不能同时使用，这是典型错误。
↑ 提分：8.5档会在主体段内灵活穿插让步，如先陈述一类观点，再用「However, it is worth noting that…」 转折，最后用「Thus, while… , …」 综合，体现逻辑的精密。
Nominalisation for cohesionC1
名词化使句子更紧凑、客观，适合书面议论，也能在段落间通过同义名词保持连贯。
用名词取代动词/形容词，如‘the introduction of’, ‘the reluctance to’
比如：People are reluctant to change their habits. → This reluctance to change… 这样后句可以接「is understandable but…」，前后衔接自然。
例句
The implementation of the policy was met with widespread criticism.
该政策的实施受到了广泛的批评。
Such reluctance to adapt will ultimately harm the economy.
这种不愿适应的态度最终会损害经济。
常见错误
✗ The government's introduce of the law was slow. → ✓ The government's introduction of the law was slow.
须用名词形式，动词加-tion等后缀。
↑ 提分：8.5档能综合运用名词化和同义词链，如从「government intervention」到「such involvement」再到「state action」，使全文词汇丰富且连贯。
阅读 Reading opinion piece
Should Governments Tax Unhealthy Food?
The growing prevalence of diet-related illnesses has prompted governments worldwide to consider new taxes on sugary drinks and junk food. Proponents argue that such levies are a proven way to curb consumption and generate funds for healthcare. In Mexico, for example, a tax on sweetened beverages led to a significant drop in sales, particularly among low-income groups, where obesity rates are highest.
Opponents, however, contend that these taxes are a blunt instrument. They point out that they disproportionately affect poorer households, who spend a larger share of their income on food. Moreover, critics question the fairness of singling out certain products when a lack of exercise and other factors also contribute to poor health.
There is also a philosophical objection: many believe that what people eat is a matter of personal choice, and that state interference in such private decisions sets a dangerous precedent. Yet, one could argue that when personal choices impose costs on society—in the form of higher public healthcare expenses—the state has a legitimate interest in intervening.
The debate, therefore, hinges not on whether governments should act, but on how they should do so. Education, clearer labelling, and subsidies for healthy food are often proposed as less coercive alternatives. The challenge is to find a balanced approach that respects individual freedom while safeguarding collective well-being.
levies税款，征税blunt instrument生硬的手段/工具coercive强制的，胁迫的
TFNG1.The Mexican tax on sweetened drinks failed to reduce sales.
✅ FALSE — 文中明确说led to a significant drop in sales。
MCQ2.According to opponents, what is a key problem with the tax?
- A It does not raise enough money for healthcare.
- B It unfairly burdens low-income families.
- C It is difficult to implement.
✅ B — 文中指出disproportionately affect poorer households。
TFNG3.The writer believes that government intervention is never acceptable.
✅ FALSE — 作者说the state has a legitimate interest in intervening，并讨论如何干预，并非完全否定。
gap_fill4.Apart from education and subsidies, one suggested alternative is ____.
✅ clearer labelling — 文中提到Education, clearer labelling, and subsidies...
💡 技巧：阅读opinion piece时注意区分观点和事实。信号词如proponents argue/opponents contend/one could argue 标识不同立场。总结题往往考查作者的综合态度。
听力 Listening Section 2 · US
情景：一段关于社区健康倡议的广播节目的美国主持人的介绍
Host
Welcome back to our series on local health. This week, we're looking at a proposal to ban fast-food restaurants within a half-mile of schools. Supporters say it's a straightforward way to protect kids from unhealthy options. But not everyone's on board, and today we'll hear both sides of the story. First, we'll talk to a city council member who's been pushing for the ban.
Host
Then later in the show, we'll hear from a small-business owner who's concerned about the financial impact. So stay tuned for that. But before we get into the debate, let's look at some numbers. Did you know that in this county, one in three children is considered overweight? That's according to a recent health survey.
Host
The survey also found that fast-food consumption among teens has risen by 20% over the last decade. So the problem is real, but the question is: Is a ban the right solution? We'll explore that after the break.
gap_fill1.The proposal is to ban fast-food restaurants within ___ of schools.
✅ half a mile / a half-mile — a ban within a half-mile of schools.
MCQ2.What will the small-business owner be worried about?
- A health concerns
- B financial impact
- C lack of choice
✅ B — concerned about the financial impact.
gap_fill3.In this county, one in ___ children is overweight.
✅ three — one in three children is considered overweight.
MCQ4.How much has fast-food consumption among teens increased?
- A 10%
- B 20%
- C 30%
✅ B — risen by 20% over the last decade.
💡 技巧：Section 2常为一段独白或介绍，本题为广播节目引出辩论。注意数字和观点持有者的身份，分清各方态度。
写作 Writing Task 2 (essay) · 目标 250 词
Some people think that governments should tax unhealthy food to encourage people to eat more healthily. Others believe that people should take personal responsibility for their own diet. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.
The question of how society should address unhealthy eating habits is a contentious one. While some advocate for government intervention through taxation, others maintain that dietary choices should remain a personal matter. This essay will examine both perspectives before offering a balanced conclusion.
On the one hand, proponents of taxation argue that it is a necessary step to change behaviour. The rising rates of obesity and chronic diseases linked to poor diet place an immense strain on public healthcare systems, and a tax could help offset these costs. Moreover, evidence from countries that have introduced sugar taxes suggests that consumption does decrease, particularly among younger consumers. It could also encourage manufacturers to reformulate their products to avoid the levy, thus benefiting even those who do not change their habits.
On the other hand, opponents contend that such a measure is both unfair and ineffective in the long term. A tax on unhealthy food is regressive, hitting low-income households hardest, since they spend a greater proportion of their money on food. Furthermore, it can be argued that health is fundamentally a matter of personal choice. Adults should be free to decide what they consume without state interference, and education, not taxation, is the key to lasting change.
My own view is that while personal responsibility is important, many people live in environments where healthy options are neither affordable nor accessible. Government intervention, therefore, is justified to create conditions that make healthy choices easier. However, a tax alone is insufficient; it should be part of a broader strategy including education, subsidies for nutritious food, and clearer labelling.
In conclusion, a balanced approach that respects individual freedom while acknowledging the need for collective action is most likely to succeed in improving public health.
逐句标注
衔接“The question of how society should address unhealthy eating habits is a contentious one.”用名词化简洁引入话题，不是模板句，展现自然衔接。
任务“On the one hand, proponents of taxation argue that it is a necessary step to change behaviour.”清晰引出第一方观点。
语法“The rising rates of obesity and chronic diseases ... place an immense strain on public healthcare systems”名词化（the rising rates）使句子正式，非限制性定语从句。
词汇“It could also encourage manufacturers to reformulate their products ... thus benefiting even those ...”thus benefiting 分词短语表示结果，词汇精准。
语法“A tax on unhealthy food is regressive, hitting low-income households hardest”hitting 分词做伴随状语，简洁高级。
衔接“it can be argued that health is fundamentally a matter of personal choice”使用被动语态提出普遍观点，避免绝对化。
任务“My own view is that while personal responsibility is important, many people live in environments where...”个人立场有让步，体现辩证思维。
语法“Government intervention, therefore, is justified to create conditions that make healthy choices easier.”therefore 副词插入，条件状语从句，句式灵活。
任务“However, a tax alone is insufficient; it should be part of a broader strategy...”反驳单一手段，提出组合方案，阐述全面。
词汇“a balanced approach that respects individual freedom while acknowledging the need for collective action”用名词化表达核心观点，精准且有力。
🎯 本档语言特征：文章结构清晰，双边讨论均衡，立场有深度。运用名词化、分词结构、让步状语从句、被动语态和精准搭配，语言自然流畅。词数约260，符合要求。
↑ 再上一档：已近8分，若要在8.5提升，可在论证中增加更具体的假设或类比，如「if a tax were coupled with public health campaigns, the outcome would likely be...」 并确保全文零语法错误。
口语 Speaking
Part 1
Q: Do you think people in your country eat healthily?
It's a mixed picture. I'd say awareness is growing, and many people are trying to eat better, but there's still a huge appetite for fast food, especially among younger people. I suppose convenience often wins out.
💡 用'It's a mixed picture'开头自然，使用情态动词和模糊语。
Q: What kind of food do you usually eat?
I try to keep it balanced. I cook at home most of the time, lots of vegetables and lean protein, but I'll treat myself to something indulgent at the weekend. Everything in moderation, I guess.
💡 使用习语'treat myself', 'in moderation'，展现词汇广度。
Part 2 · 提示卡
Describe a time when you had to make a decision about your health. You should say: what the decision was about; why you made that decision; what the result was; and explain how you felt about it.
A while ago I decided to cut down on sugar quite drastically. I'd noticed that I was relying on sweet snacks to get through the afternoon, and it was affecting my energy levels. So I made a conscious effort to swap them for fruit and nuts. It wasn't easy at first — I really missed my chocolate fix — but after a couple of weeks, I started feeling much better. My energy became more stable, and I even lost a bit of weight. Looking back, I'm pleased I stuck with it, though I do still enjoy the occasional treat. I suppose what it taught me is that small changes can have a big impact over time, and that sometimes you have to push through the initial discomfort to see the benefits.
💡 故事连贯，涵盖所有要点。使用了'cut down on', 'conscious effort', 'stable', 'push through'等恰当地道表达。
Part 3
Q: Should governments play a role in encouraging healthy eating?
To some extent, yes. While I don't think they should dictate what we eat, I believe they have a responsibility to create an environment where the healthy choice is the easy choice. That could mean things like clearer food labelling, restrictions on advertising to children, or using tax breaks to make nutritious food more affordable. The key is to nudge people in the right direction without being overly prescriptive.
💡 用hedging表达立场，提出具体可行的政府措施，词汇精准。
Q: Why do many people find it hard to maintain a healthy diet?
I think there are several reasons. Firstly, unhealthy food is often cheaper and more convenient, so when you're busy or on a budget, it's the default option. Secondly, there's the psychological aspect — we're bombarded with advertising that makes junk food seem appealing. And thirdly, changing habits requires sustained effort and willpower, which is hard to maintain, especially when you don't see immediate results. So it's a combination of environmental, economic, and personal factors.
💡 原因分层论述，使用sequencing和概括性语言，逻辑清晰。
高频短语
It's a mixed picture. — 情况好坏参半（可用于回答社会现象问题）
nudge people in the right direction — 轻柔地推动人们走向正确的方向
a combination of environmental, economic, and personal factors — 环境、经济和个人因素的综合
应试策略
双边讨论题务必两方都充分展开，避免一边倒。开头改写题目，主体两段分别讨论（一段一方），可采用让步-反驳模式。结尾明确自身立场，最好是有条件的综合观点。使用名词化、让步从句、分词结构来提升语言复杂度。
本档提分建议
从7.5到8.5的关键：1. 论证逻辑更严密，不仅仅是列举，要有原因-结果-例子的链条；2. 词汇多样性不靠难词，而靠精准搭配和同义替换；3. 语法灵活多样，但不刻意；4. 衔接靠语义自然推进，少用firstly/finally等机械路标。