environmentn.B1
环境
protect the environment · a healthy environment
We should all take care of the environment.
我们都应该爱护环境。
学完能做到
- 读懂关于环境保护的一般性文章，把握观点与事实
- 听懂关于环境问题的讨论或采访（Section 3）
- 写一篇结构完整的议论文（Task 2），平衡个人与政府的责任
- 在口语中就环境话题展开双向讨论，表达个人看法
词汇 core 14 · expansion 18 · chunks 6
核心词 core
pollutionn.B1
污染
air pollution · reduce pollution
Air pollution is a serious problem in many cities.
空气污染在许多城市是一个严重问题。
recyclev.B1
回收利用
recycle waste · recycle paper and plastic
People should recycle as much as possible.
人们应该尽可能多地回收利用。
wasten.B1
废弃物；浪费
reduce waste · household waste
Reducing waste is good for the environment.
减少废弃物对环境有好处。
protectv.B1
保护
protect the planet · protect wildlife
We need to protect the forests for future generations.
我们需要为子孙后代保护森林。
reducev.B1
减少，降低
reduce carbon emissions · reduce energy use
Using public transport can help reduce air pollution.
使用公共交通有助于减少空气污染。
damagev./n.B2
损害，破坏
cause damage · environmental damage
Factories can cause damage to rivers and lakes.
工厂可能对河流和湖泊造成破坏。
harmfuladj.B2
有害的
harmful chemicals · harmful to health
Some cleaning products contain harmful substances.
一些清洁产品含有有害物质。
solutionn.B1
解决办法
a simple solution · a long-term solution
There is no single solution to climate change.
气候变化没有单一的解决办法。
governmentn.B1
政府
local government · government policy
The government should introduce stricter laws.
政府应该出台更严格的法律。
individualn./adj.B1
个人；个人的
individual efforts · as an individual
Individual actions can add up to make a big difference.
个人的行动积少成多，能产生很大影响。
communityn.B2
社区，群体
local community · community project
The community organised a river clean-up event.
社区组织了一次河流清洁活动。
industryn.B2
工业；行业
heavy industry · the car industry
Industry is responsible for a large amount of pollution.
工业对大量污染负有责任。
responsibleadj.B2
负有责任的
be responsible for · feel responsible
We are all responsible for looking after the planet.
我们都有责任爱护地球。
扩展词库 expansion
conservationn.B2
保护（自然资源）
wildlife conservation · energy conservation
sustainableadj.B2
可持续的
sustainable development · sustainable practices
renewableadj.B2
可再生的
renewable energy · renewable sources
fossil fueln.B2
化石燃料
depend on fossil fuels · burn fossil fuels
emissionn.B2
排放（物）
carbon emissions · zero emissions
preservev.B2
保护，维持（现状）
preserve natural habitats · preserve resources
threatenv.B2
威胁，危及
threaten wildlife · be threatened by pollution
habitatn.B2
栖息地
natural habitat · destroy habitats
deforestationn.B2
砍伐森林
reduce deforestation · tropical deforestation
consumev.B2
消耗，消费
consume resources · consume energy
resourcen.B2
资源
natural resources · limited resources
impactn./v.B2
影响，冲击
have an impact on · environmental impact
awarenessn.B1
意识，认识
raise awareness · public awareness
alternativeadj./n.B2
替代的；替代方案
alternative energy · a green alternative
encouragev.B1
鼓励
encourage recycling · encourage people to change
preventv.B2
防止
prevent pollution · prevent damage
globaladj.B1
全球的
global warming · global issue
environmentally friendlyadj.B2
环境友好的
environmentally friendly products · environmentally friendly practices
词块 / 生存短语 chunks
climate change气候变化
Climate change is affecting weather patterns worldwide.
气候变化正在影响全球的天气模式。
global warming全球变暖
Global warming is mainly caused by the burning of fossil fuels.
全球变暖主要由燃烧化石燃料引起。
greenhouse gas温室气体
Carbon dioxide is the most well-known greenhouse gas.
二氧化碳是最为人熟知的温室气体。
take action采取行动
We need to take action now before it is too late.
我们必须现在采取行动，否则就太晚了。
make a difference起作用，有影响
Even small changes can make a difference.
即使微小的改变也能产生影响。
cut down on削减，减少
We should cut down on single-use plastic.
我们应该减少一次性塑料的使用。
语法 语言升级点
Conditionals (1st and 2nd)B2
1类条件：谈论可能发生的真实情况及其后果；2类条件：谈论与现在事实相反的假设及其想象结果。在环保话题中，常用来表达行动与结果的关系或提出假设政策的效果。
1st: If + present simple, will/can + base form; 2nd: If + past simple, would/could + base form
写作和口语中灵活使用条件句能展现语法多样性。1类用于可预见的结果：If we improve public transport, fewer people will drive. 2类用于非现实的假设：If everyone used solar panels, energy bills would drop. 注意if从句不可用will/would。
例句
If the government introduces stricter laws, pollution levels will fall.
如果政府出台更严格的法律，污染水平将会下降。
If people recycled more, there would be less waste in landfills.
如果人们更多回收，垃圾填埋场的废弃物将会减少。
常见错误
✗ If I will have time, I will join the clean-up. → ✓ If I have time, I will join the clean-up.
if 从句用现在时表示将来，不可用 will。
✗ If I would be president, I would ban plastic bags. → ✓ If I were president, I would ban plastic bags.
二类条件 if 从句用过去时，动词 be 常用 were。
↑ 提分：想要更高分，可在作文中使用混合条件（If we had invested earlier, we would not be facing this crisis now.），展示复杂逻辑。
Concession and contrast (despite / in spite of / whereas)B2
用于表达两个相反或不同的事实，使论述更加平衡、有说服力。despite/in spite of 后接名词或动名词，构成让步；whereas 连接两个对比的分句。
despite / in spite of + noun / -ing form; whereas + clause
讨论双方观点时，这些结构非常有用。例如：Despite government campaigns, many people still waste food. / Some believe only governments can solve the problem, whereas others emphasise individual responsibility. 注意 despite 后不加 of，不能说 despite of。
例句
Despite efforts to clean the river, it remains polluted.
尽管努力清理河流，它仍然受到污染。
Solar energy is clean and renewable, whereas coal produces harmful emissions.
太阳能清洁且可再生，而煤炭产生有害排放物。
常见错误
✗ Despite of the rain, the event continued. → ✓ Despite the rain, the event continued.
despite 不加 of；in spite of 才有 of。
✗ Despite it was expensive, he bought the electric car. → ✓ Despite the expense, he bought the electric car. / Despite the fact that it was expensive, ...
despite 后不可直接跟从句，需用名词或 the fact that。
↑ 提分：到7分以上，可使用 although / even though + 从句，或 while / whilst 连接对比，增加句式变化。
阅读 Reading general interest
Simple Ways to Help the Environment
Nowadays, many people are looking for ways to reduce their impact on the environment. The good news is that small changes in our daily lives can really make a difference.
First, try to cut down on waste. Instead of buying bottled water, use a reusable bottle. Take your own bags when you go shopping, and avoid products with too much packaging. Recycling is important, but reusing and reducing waste are even better.
Next, think about how you travel. If you can, walk or cycle for short journeys. For longer trips, public transport is a greener choice than driving alone. If more people used buses or trains, there would be fewer cars on the road, which would greatly reduce air pollution.
Energy use at home is another area where we can all improve. Turning off lights when you leave a room and unplugging devices when they are not in use saves energy. Even lowering your heating by just one degree can cut your energy bill and help the planet.
Finally, why not get involved in local projects? Many communities organise clean-up days or tree-planting events. These activities are a great way to meet people and protect your local environment at the same time.
packaging包装；包装材料unplugging拔掉插头；断开电源tree-planting植树
TFNG1.The writer believes recycling is the best way to reduce waste.
✅ FALSE — 原文说 'reusing and reducing waste are even better'，所以回收并非最佳方式。
gap_fill2.Instead of buying bottled water, we should use a ______ bottle.
✅ reusable — 原文 'use a reusable bottle'。
MCQ3.How does the text suggest people can help reduce air pollution?
- A by recycling more
- B by using reusable bags
- C by using public transport
- D by planting trees
✅ C — 原文 'public transport is a greener choice ... which would greatly reduce air pollution'。
gap_fill4.Turning off lights and unplugging devices helps to save ______.
✅ energy — 原文 'saves energy'。
matching5.Match each action with its benefit. You may use any letter more than once.
1. Using reusable bottles ___ 2. Walking or cycling ___ 3. Joining a community clean-up ___
- reducing air pollution
- cutting down on waste
- protecting the local environment and meeting people
✅ B,A,C — 1对应减少废弃物（'cut down on waste'），2对应减少空气污染（'reduce air pollution'），3对应保护地方环境和社交（'protect your local environment... meet people'）。
💡 技巧：这篇短文列举了日常环保措施。做题时先浏览小标题和关键词，根据问题定位到相应段落。对于 matching 题，注意每个选项可能被多次使用。
听力 Listening Section 3 · UK
情景：两个学生讨论他们所在城市的减废项目（Section 3 对话）
Anna
Hi Tom, have you seen the new recycling bins they've put up around campus? They're everywhere now.
Tom
Yeah, I noticed. There are separate ones for paper, plastic, and glass. It's a good idea, but I'm not sure if everyone will use them properly.
Anna
Well, the student council started a campaign to raise awareness. They posted videos explaining what goes in each bin. I think it's already making a difference—the amount of mixed waste has gone down.
Tom
That's encouraging. But I still see a lot of plastic bottles in the general waste. Maybe fines would work better than just information.
Anna
I don't think fines would be popular. The council also organised a 'swap and reuse' event for old clothes and books, and loads of people came. That might be more effective in the long run.
Tom
True, getting people involved is probably more effective than forcing them. By the way, are you going to the environmental talk on Friday? It's about reducing energy use at home.
gap_fill1.The new recycling bins on campus separate paper, plastic, and ______.
✅ glass — Tom 说 'separate ones for paper, plastic, and glass'。
MCQ2.According to Anna, what is happening to the amount of mixed waste?
- A It has increased.
- B It has stayed the same.
- C It has gone down.
- D It is now zero.
✅ C — Anna 说 'the amount of mixed waste has gone down'。
TFNG3.Tom believes that fines are the best way to make people use the bins correctly.
✅ FALSE — Tom 提到 'Maybe fines would work better than just information'，但这只是建议，并非确信是最好方式。而且最终他也认同参与感可能更有效，所以不能说他认为罚款最好。
gap_fill4.Anna mentions a 'swap and reuse' event for old clothes and ______.
✅ books — 原文 'swap and reuse event for old clothes and books'。
MCQ5.What will Tom probably attend on Friday?
- A a environmental protest
- B a talk on home energy saving
- C a recycling workshop
- D a tree-planting event
✅ B — Anna 问 'are you going to the environmental talk ... about reducing energy use at home'，Tom 很可能去。
💡 技巧：Section 3 是对话，注意分辨说话人。提前划出问题关键词，预测填空题所需信息类型。对于选择题，排除明显错误选项，注意同义替换（如 'gone down' = decreased）。
写作 Writing Task 2 (essay) · 目标 250 词
Some people think that environmental problems are too big for individuals to solve and that only governments and large companies can make a difference. Others believe that individuals can also contribute to solving these problems. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
Environmental issues such as pollution and climate change are growing concerns. While some argue that these problems are too large for individuals to tackle, others believe that personal actions can contribute meaningfully. This essay will discuss both perspectives and offer my own view.
On one hand, there is a strong case for relying on governments and large companies. These bodies have the power and resources to enact large-scale change. For example, governments can introduce laws to limit emissions from factories, whereas corporations can invest in sustainable production methods. Without such top-down regulation, individual efforts might seem insignificant. If governments set clear targets, industries would be forced to adopt cleaner practices.
On the other hand, the role of individuals should not be underestimated. When millions of people make small changes, the collective impact becomes enormous. Cutting down on single-use plastic, recycling, and using public transport can significantly reduce waste and carbon footprints. Moreover, consumers can influence businesses through their choices; if enough people demanded green products, companies would respond. Despite the power of authorities, grassroots movements often spark wider change.
In my opinion, both individual and institutional action are essential and complement each other. While governments can provide the framework and incentives, individuals must be willing to adopt eco-friendly habits. One cannot succeed without the other. For instance, a law banning plastic bags is effective only if citizens comply. Similarly, personal attempts to reduce waste are more impactful when supported by public recycling schemes.
In conclusion, although the scale of environmental problems can make individuals feel powerless, their efforts matter greatly when combined. Therefore, I believe a shared responsibility between individuals, governments, and companies is the most effective way forward.
逐句标注
任务“While some argue that ... others believe that ...”开头清晰呈现双方观点，回应了题目要求。
语法“If governments set clear targets, industries would be forced to adopt cleaner practices.”使用了二类条件，表达假设结果，展示语法范围。
语法“despite the power of authorities”运用了 'despite + 名词' 的让步结构，衔接自然。
衔接“On one hand ... On the other hand ... In my opinion ... In conclusion”段落标记明确，逻辑流畅。
词汇“collective impact, carbon footprints, grassroots movements”使用了话题相关词汇及搭配，且整体难度匹配 B2。
🎯 本档语言特征：四段式结构完整（引言-观点一-观点二-自身观点及理由-结论）。成功运用了二类条件句、让步结构（despite/while）、关系从句等 B2 语法。词汇多样且切题，如 'collective impact', 'grassroots movements', 'framework and incentives'。立场明确，论证有层次，接近 band 7 水平。
↑ 再上一档：若想达到更高分数，可进一步减少小错（如主谓一致），使用更地道的搭配（如 'a concerted effort'），并在结论中略微升华，如提到未来世代的责任，展现思想深度。
口语 Speaking
Part 1
Q: Do you do anything to help the environment?
Yes, I try to recycle as much as possible at home. I also carry a reusable bag when I go shopping and I've cut down on single-use plastic. It's not much, but I feel that every little bit helps.
💡 用具体例子（回收、购物袋、减塑）展开，并给出个人感受，自然运用了 'cut down on' 和 'every little bit helps' 等表达。
Q: What environmental problems are there in your area?
The main issue is air pollution, especially during rush hour. There are a lot of cars, and the public transport system isn't very reliable, so many people prefer to drive. Also, there's quite a bit of litter in the parks, which harms wildlife.
💡 先指出主要问题（空气污染），再说明原因并补充第二个问题，体现了连贯和扩展能力。
Part 2 · 提示卡
Describe an environmental problem in your country. You should say: - what the problem is - what causes it - what effects it has - and explain what can be done about it.
I'd like to talk about plastic waste, which is a huge problem in my country. The main cause is our heavy reliance on single-use plastics, like bottles, bags, and food packaging. Because they are convenient, people use them without thinking. As a result, a lot of plastic ends up in landfills or in the ocean, where it harms marine life and enters our food chain. The effects are quite serious—animals get trapped or swallow plastic, and polluted beaches affect tourism.
To tackle this, the government has started to introduce some measures, such as charging for plastic bags and banning certain items. However, I believe individuals also need to change their habits. If we all used reusable bottles and refused unnecessary packaging, the amount of plastic waste would drop significantly. Education is also key; I think schools should teach children about the impact of plastic so that the next generation grows up more aware. It won't be solved overnight, but with a combination of effort, we can make a real difference.
💡 完整覆盖了所有要点，使用了条件句（If we all used... would drop）、因果关系、方位词等。用 'tackle', 'measures', 'aware' 等词汇准确表达了解决思路。流利度较好，时长约 1 分半至 2 分钟。
Part 3
Q: Do you think governments should force people to recycle?
To some extent, yes. I believe governments can introduce regulations to encourage recycling, like having separate bins and collecting them regularly. But I'm not sure strict fines would work well. Instead, they could offer rewards for households that recycle properly, or make recycling more convenient. That might be more effective in the long run.
💡 采取了平衡立场，先支持政府的介入（regulations），再用 'But I'm not sure' 转向更柔性的方式，并提出了奖励和便利的建议，体现了辩证思维。
Q: How can individuals be encouraged to protect the environment?
I think one of the best ways is through education and awareness campaigns. When people understand the consequences of their actions, they are often willing to change. For instance, if they knew how long it takes for a plastic bottle to break down, they might think twice before buying one. Social media can also play a big role—videos and challenges that promote green habits can reach millions of people quickly. Another idea is to make eco-friendly options cheaper and easier. For example, if bus fares were lower, more people would choose public transport over their car.
💡 分层次回答：教育、社交媒体影响者、经济激励（便宜或方便的选择），并用了条件句举例，使论述充实连贯。
高频短语
play a role in — 在…中起作用（常连接个人与社会）
have an impact on — 对…有影响（强调效果）
take steps to — 采取措施以…（表达行动）
应试策略
6.5 分的关键是在结构与展开的基础上，展现语法多样性。务必在写作和口语中主动使用条件句（尤其是二类条件）、让步结构（despite/whereas）。写作四段式清晰，口语 Part 2 按要点展开，每题给出具体原因或例子，并适当使用所学话题词汇。
本档提分建议
从 6.5 到 7.5：减少小的语法错误（如主谓一致、冠词）；使用更丰富的衔接词（如 nonethess, conversely）；扩展话题相关词汇（如 biodiversity, carbon neutral，但需用对语境）；在论证中加入更深入的因果分析，而不仅是列举观点。