sustainableadj.B2
可持续的
sustainable development · sustainable practices
The company has adopted sustainable sourcing for all its raw materials.
该公司已对所有原材料采用可持续采购方式。
学完能做到
- 就增长与可持续的张力论证，表现精细让步与系统视角
- 以系统视角剖析个人、企业与政府的责任分野
词汇 core 14 · expansion 22 · chunks 10
核心词 core
sustainabilityn.C1
可持续性
long-term sustainability · environmental sustainability
The report questions the long-term sustainability of current agricultural methods.
该报告质疑当前农业方法的长期可持续性。
renewableadj.B2
可再生的
renewable energy · renewable resources
Investment in renewable energy has surged over the last decade.
过去十年间，对可再生能源的投资激增。
emissionsn.B2
排放物（尤指温室气体）
carbon emissions · reduce emissions
Stricter regulations are needed to curb industrial emissions.
需要更严格的法规来遏制工业排放。
carbon footprintn.C1
碳足迹
reduce your carbon footprint · a large carbon footprint
Flying less is one of the most effective ways to shrink your carbon footprint.
减少飞行是缩减碳足迹的最有效方式之一。
degradev.C1
使退化，降低（质量）
degrade the environment · degrade soil quality
Intensive farming practices can degrade the land over time.
集约化耕作方式会逐渐使土地退化。
conservev.B2
保护，节约（资源）
conserve water · conserve natural resources
Simple measures like turning off the tap can help conserve water.
关掉水龙头等简单举措有助于节水。
finiteadj.C1
有限的
finite resources · finite supplies
Fossil fuels are finite, so a shift to renewables is inevitable.
化石燃料是有限的，因此转向可再生能源势在必行。
consumptionn.B2
消费，消耗
energy consumption · unsustainable consumption
Reducing meat consumption can lower your environmental impact.
减少肉类消费可降低你的环境影响。
incentiven.C1
激励，奖励
financial incentives · provide an incentive
Tax incentives have been used to encourage the adoption of solar panels.
税收激励已被用来鼓励安装太阳能电池板。
regulationn.B2
法规，监管
strict regulation · environmental regulations
Without effective regulation, companies have little reason to cut pollution.
没有有效的监管，企业几乎没有理由减少污染。
eco-friendlyadj.B2
环保的，生态友好的
eco-friendly products · eco-friendly packaging
Consumers are increasingly willing to pay a premium for eco-friendly goods.
消费者越来越愿意为环保产品支付溢价。
biodiversityn.C1
生物多样性
loss of biodiversity · protect biodiversity
The expansion of farmland is a major threat to biodiversity.
农田扩张是对生物多样性的一大威胁。
depletionn.C2
枯竭，耗尽
resource depletion · ozone depletion
The depletion of groundwater is a growing concern in many regions.
地下水枯竭在许多地区日益令人担忧。
扩展词库 expansion
circular economyn.C2
循环经济
adopt a circular economy · circular economy principles
carbon-neutraladj.C2
碳中和的
carbon-neutral operations · carbon-neutral by 2050
ecologicaladj.C1
生态的
ecological damage · ecological balance
stewardshipn.C2
管理保护之责
environmental stewardship · take stewardship of
exploitationn.C1
开发，利用（常指过度）
resource exploitation · over-exploitation
degradationn.C1
退化，恶化
environmental degradation · land degradation
offsetv./n.C1
抵消（碳排放等）
offset emissions · carbon offset
tipping pointn.C1
临界点，引爆点
reach a tipping point · climate tipping point
greenwashingn.C2
漂绿（伪环保宣传）
accused of greenwashing · a greenwashing campaign
externalityn.C2
外部性（经济学）
negative externalities · environmental externalities
viableadj.C1
可行的
a viable alternative · commercially viable
initiativen.B2
倡议，新方案
a government initiative · launch an initiative
pledgev./n.C1
承诺，保证
pledge to reduce emissions · make a pledge
accountabilityn.C1
问责，责任追究
corporate accountability · demand accountability
transparencyn.C1
透明度
improve transparency · a lack of transparency
holisticadj.C2
整体的，全面的
a holistic approach · holistic view
resiliencen.C2
恢复力，韧性
climate resilience · build resilience
frameworkn.B2
框架，体系
a regulatory framework · within the framework of
paradigm shiftn.C2
范式转变
a paradigm shift in thinking · a paradigm shift towards sustainability
consensusn.C1
共识
reach a consensus · scientific consensus
imperativeadj./n.C1
必要的，当务之急
a moral imperative · it is imperative that
tangibleadj.C1
切实的，可感知的
tangible results · tangible benefits
词块 / 生存短语 chunks
bear the brunt of首当其冲，承受最严重的后果
Developing nations often bear the brunt of climate change, despite contributing the least to it.
发展中国家往往首当其冲承受气候变化的冲击，尽管它们对气候变化的影响最小。
a step in the right direction朝正确方向迈出的一步
The ban on single-use plastics is a step in the right direction, but far more needs to be done.
禁用一次性塑料是朝正确方向迈出的一步，但还需做更多。
at the expense of以牺牲…为代价
Economic growth should not be pursued at the expense of the environment.
追求经济增长不应以牺牲环境为代价。
in the long run从长远来看
Investing in renewables pays off in the long run, both financially and environmentally.
从长远看，投资可再生能源在经济和环境上都有回报。
pay lip service to对…只是口头上支持，敷衍
Many corporations pay lip service to sustainability without making meaningful changes.
许多公司对可持续发展只是口头上说说，却未做出实质性改变。
come at a cost有其代价
Convenience often comes at an environmental cost that we cannot afford.
便利往往以不可承受的环境代价换来。
phase out逐步淘汰
The government plans to phase out coal-fired power plants by 2030.
政府计划到2030年逐步淘汰燃煤电厂。
in the face of面对，在…面前
In the face of mounting evidence, denying climate change is no longer credible.
面对日益增加的证据，否认气候变化已不再可信。
bridge the gap弥合差距
We need policies that bridge the gap between rhetoric and action on sustainability.
我们需要能弥合可持续发展言论与行动之间差距的政策。
practice what one preaches言行一致，躬行己说
Environmental groups must practice what they preach when it comes to their own carbon footprint.
环保组织在自身碳足迹上必须言行一致。
语法 语言升级点
Fronting and marked themeC2
通过调整语序强调特定信息，使语篇衔接更紧密，体现正式、复杂的文风。
将宾语、补语或状语提前至句首，改变信息结构。例如：What we need is...；Sustainable development, many governments have embraced in rhetoric only.
前置结构将非主语成分移至句首，形成「有标记主位」，使该部分成为焦点，常用于书面语以增强连贯性或对比。但需避免滥用，以免显得笨拙。8分以上应能在适当场合自然运用。
例句
What the planet urgently requires is a shift in mindset, not a few incremental tweaks.
地球迫切需要的是思维方式的转变，而非一些渐进式的微调。
Only by changing our consumption patterns can we hope to achieve true sustainability.
只有改变我们的消费模式，我们才有望实现真正的可持续性。
常见错误
✗ Sustainable development many governments have embraced in rhetoric only. → ✓ Sustainable development many governments have embraced in rhetoric only.
原句正确，但需注意前置后主谓顺序不可倒装（除非否定状语）。此例中，宾语前置后句子保持正常语序。
↑ 提分：8.5的高分在于自然运用前置来突出论点，而非机械套用。一篇之中一两处即可，重点是通过它微妙地引导读者关注焦点。
Nominalisation and when to avoid itC2
名词化可浓缩信息、增加客观性和正式度；去名词化则使表达更直接生动。高分段需掌握二者平衡，避免过度名词化导致行文臃肿。
将动词/形容词转化为名词（如 implement -> implementation, sustainable -> sustainability）。也可还原为动词（去名词化）使句子更直接有力。
名词化是学术写作的标志，但过度使用会使句子滞重。例如「The implementation of sustainable practices is a priority」不如「Implementing sustainable practices is a priority」简洁。在需要强调动作执行者或追求直接性时，应当去名词化。
例句
The over-reliance on fossil fuels has led to the degradation of ecosystems worldwide.
对化石燃料的过度依赖已导致全球生态系统的退化。
We urgently need to reduce our reliance on single-use plastics.
我们迫切需要减少对一次性塑料的依赖。
常见错误
✗ The reduction of our reliance on single-use plastics is urgent. → ✓ Reducing our reliance on single-use plastics is urgent.
原句名词化后显得笨重，改用动名词「reducing」更直接，且主语「we」的隐含保留使表达更自然。
↑ 提分：8.5分者能在同一段落内自如切换名词化与去名词化，根据语境选择最有力的表达，不显突兀。
阅读 Reading general interest
Beyond Green Slogans: The Reality of Corporate Sustainability
Walk into any supermarket and you are surrounded by claims of sustainability. 'Eco-friendly', 'carbon-neutral', 'ethically sourced' — such labels have become ubiquitous, and on the face of it, that is a sign of progress. Companies, it seems, are finally responding to the environmental crisis. And yet a closer look suggests that much of this is less a transformation than a rebranding exercise.
The term 'greenwashing' has been coined precisely to describe the practice of making misleading or unsubstantiated claims about environmental friendliness. A company might trumpet its switch to renewable energy for a single office while quietly expanding its fossil fuel operations elsewhere. Or it might offset a fraction of its emissions and advertise that fact loudly, ignoring the vast remainder. The effect, whether calculated or not, is to reassure consumers that the problem is being handled, thereby reducing pressure for more fundamental change.
What makes greenwashing so insidious is its ability to co-opt the language of sustainability for purposes that are anything but sustainable. 'Circular economy' becomes a buzzword to sell more products, not a genuine redesign of production. Sustainability reports grow thicker each year, yet global emissions continue to rise. The gap between rhetoric and reality is not a minor PR problem; it is a structural feature of a system that rewards appearance over substance.
This is not to suggest that all corporate efforts are hollow. There are firms that have embedded sustainability into their core operations, even when doing so came at a short-term cost. But isolating these exceptions reinforces a dangerous narrative: that the market, left to its own devices, will eventually sort things out. It will not. Only a robust regulatory framework, coupled with genuine accountability, can ensure that sustainability claims are not just another marketing ploy.
ubiquitous无处不在的greenwashing漂绿（以环保为幌子的营销）co-opt拉拢，借用（使为己用）buzzword流行术语，时髦词语ploy策略，手段（多含贬义）
MCQ1.What is the main purpose of the passage?
- A to celebrate the progress companies have made
- B to argue that consumers must be more careful
- C to expose the gap between corporate claims and real action
- D to explain how the circular economy works
✅ C — 全文核心是揭露企业可持续发展承诺与现实之间的差距。第一、三段都集中于这一主题。
TFNG2.The writer believes that all companies are guilty of greenwashing.
✅ FALSE — 第四段明确提到「There are firms that have embedded sustainability into their core operations」，因此并非所有公司都被指责。
TFNG3.According to the passage, sustainability reports have become less detailed over time.
✅ FALSE — 第三段说「Sustainability reports grow thicker each year」，表明报告变得越来越冗长，而非缺乏细节。
matching4.The word 'insidious' in paragraph 3 suggests the writer views greenwashing as ___. (Choose: A. harmful but difficult to detect; B. obvious and harmless; C. creative but ineffective)
✅ A — 'insidious'意为「潜伏的、暗中为害的」，与选项A吻合。
💡 技巧：8.5分阅读需关注作者的语气和细微态度。文中的「on the face of it」、「less a transformation than a rebranding」、「dangerous narrative」等词句揭示批判立场。答题时注意区分表面陈述与深层含义。
听力 Listening Section 3 · US
情景：大学研讨课上，两名学生与导师讨论某跨国公司的可持续发展报告（Section 3，美音）
Tutor
So, you both read the sustainability report from GreenWorld Inc. What did you make of it?
Megan
Honestly, I was a little underwhelmed. They talk a big game about being carbon-neutral by 2050, but there's not much detail on how they'll get there. It felt kind of like, well, greenwashing.
Tutor
Greenwashing — interesting. David, do you agree?
David
I'm not entirely convinced it's that black and white. They did lay out some specific milestones, like phasing out single-use plastics by 2025. That's more than most companies do, even if it's not enough.
Megan
Right, but those are the easy wins, aren't they? The real problem is their core business — how they source raw materials. That's where the environmental impact is highest, and they barely touched on it.
Tutor
So you'd say the report is selective in its disclosures?
Megan
Exactly. It's like they want credit for the small stuff to distract from the bigger picture.
David
I get that, but I still think public commitments, even if limited, put some pressure on them. It's a step in the right direction, at least.
MCQ1.What is Megan's overall opinion of GreenWorld's report?
- A She finds it highly misleading
- B She thinks it is comprehensive and honest
- C She is impressed by the detail
- D She feels it lacks ambition
✅ A — 梅根用了「underwhelmed」、「greenwashing」、「easy wins」等词，表明她认为报告具有误导性。
MCQ2.According to Megan, which area does GreenWorld fail to address adequately?
- A plastic reduction
- B carbon offsetting
- C raw material sourcing
- D employee training
✅ C — 梅根指出「the real problem is their core business — how they source raw materials」。
gap_fill3.David mentions that GreenWorld plans to phase out single-use plastics by ___.
✅ 2025 — 大卫说「phasing out single-use plastics by 2025」。
gap_fill4.Megan accuses GreenWorld of wanting credit for the small stuff to distract from the ___.
✅ bigger picture — 梅根说「distract from the bigger picture」。
💡 技巧：本段对话含大量评价性语言和态度标记（underwhelmed, black and white, easy wins）。答题时需捕捉说话人的立场及反驳模式，尤其注意对比观点中的让步。
写作 Writing Task 2 (essay) · 目标 250 词
Economic growth is always incompatible with environmental sustainability. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
The relationship between economic growth and environmental sustainability is often presented as a zero-sum game — one must come at the expense of the other. While there is historical truth to this tension, I would argue that the incompatibility is not absolute, and that the real question is not whether growth can be sustainable, but under what conditions.
Admittedly, the past several decades offer ample evidence that growth has frequently damaged ecosystems. Industrial expansion has been fuelled by finite resources, and the negative externalities of production have been largely ignored. In this sense, the prevailing model of growth is indeed incompatible with long-term environmental health.
However, to declare the two inherently irreconcilable is to overlook the potential of a green transition. The rapid decline in the cost of renewables, for example, suggests that decarbonisation need not be a drag on the economy. Moreover, the concept of a circular economy demonstrates that it is possible to decouple prosperity from resource depletion. Growth decoupled from carbon is conceivable; whether it is achievable depends on the political will to enforce regulations and redirect investment.
What matters, then, is the type of growth we pursue. Growth driven by relentless exploitation is unsustainable by definition. But growth that embraces innovation, respects ecological boundaries, and is measured by well‑being rather than raw GDP could, in principle, coexist with a healthy planet. The shift required is systemic — not a tweak at the margins but a redefinition of what we value.
In conclusion, while the current model of growth is environmentally destructive, I disagree that growth itself must always be so. The key lies in transforming our economic paradigm, a task that is daunting but not impossible.
逐句标注
词汇“zero-sum game”精准习语，点明增长与可持续的零和博弈表象。
衔接“While there is historical truth to this tension, I would argue that...”让步后提出细化立场，衔接自然，体现思辨深度。
词汇“decouple prosperity from resource depletion”低频精确搭配（decouple），高级用词。
语法“Growth decoupled from carbon is conceivable; whether it is achievable depends on...”巧用前置结构（Growth decoupled from carbon）强化焦点，语法复杂自然。
任务“not a tweak at the margins but a redefinition of what we value”对比式总结，精准回应题目，观点深刻。
🎯 本档语言特征：全文约270词，立场清晰且有层次：先让步承认历史问题，再以绿色转型和循环经济为例反驳绝对对立，最后升华至增长类型和范式转变。语言上，精准使用「decouple」、「externalities」、「paradigm」等词汇；语法上，前置结构与名词化（The rapid decline...）交替出现，无错误；衔接靠逻辑推进而非生硬路标词。完全符合8.5分标准。
↑ 再上一档：此范文已达标8.5档。篇幅控制在270词左右，无赘余。如需精简，可合并第二段部分内容，但当前节奏已佳。
口语 Speaking
Part 1
Q: Do you try to live a sustainable lifestyle?
I make an effort, but I wouldn't claim to be perfect. I've cut down on meat, I recycle, and I try to avoid single-use plastics. But I'm aware that the bigger impact comes from systems, not just individual choices. So I see it as a personal discipline rather than a solution in itself.
💡 使用「make an effort」、「cut down on」等口语化表达，结尾带理性反思，体现分寸。
Q: Do you think companies in your country are doing enough to be sustainable?
To be honest, it's a mixed bag. Some have rolled out impressive-sounding campaigns, but when you dig deeper, a lot of it is surface-level. There's still a huge gap between what they advertise and what they actually do. I think genuine change requires regulation, not just voluntary pledges.
💡 地道评价「a mixed bag」，并点出「surface-level」和「gap」，语言自然有力。
Part 2 · 提示卡
Describe a sustainable product or service that you have used. You should say: what it was, how you used it, why it was sustainable, and explain how you felt about using it.
I’d like to talk about a reusable coffee cup I bought a couple of years ago. It’s made from bamboo fibre, a renewable resource, and it’s designed to replace those disposable cups that pile up in landfills. I use it almost every day when I grab my morning coffee. What makes it sustainable is not just the material, but the fact that it’s built to last — I’ve used it hundreds of times now, so the waste I’ve avoided is quite real.
Using it gives me a small sense of satisfaction, but if I’m honest, it also makes me reflect on how limited individual action can be. Sure, I’m not throwing away a paper cup each day, but that alone isn’t going to fix the climate crisis. Still, I think these small habits matter because they keep the issue visible in our daily lives. It’s a small act, but it reminds me of the bigger picture.
💡 覆盖所有要点，细节充实（竹纤维、数百次使用），并带出个人反思（局限性与象征意义），词汇如「built to last」、「visible」地道，无语法错误。
Part 3
Q: How can governments encourage sustainable practices among businesses?
In my view, a combination of carrots and sticks is probably most effective. On the one hand, financial incentives like tax breaks for green investments can nudge companies in the right direction. On the other, there need to be consequences for non-compliance — fines, or even losing licences. But beyond that, governments should also set a clear long-term vision and consistent regulations, so businesses can plan ahead. The uncertainty around policy is often what holds companies back from making real changes.
💡 「Carrots and sticks」习语贴切，论述层次分明（激励、惩罚、政策确定性），用词如「nudge」、「compliance」精准。
Q: Do you think consumer pressure can really force companies to become more sustainable?
To a degree, yes. When enough consumers vote with their wallets, companies do take notice. But I’m sceptical that it can drive deep change on its own, because consumers are often misled by greenwashing and because the worst offenders tend to be industries that are out of sight. So while consumer awareness is absolutely vital, it needs to be paired with strong regulation. Without that, we risk leaving the most important decisions to market forces, which have clearly failed us so far.
💡 有分寸的立场（「to a degree」），指出洗绿和监管需求，句式复杂但口语化（「vote with their wallets」），连贯流畅。
高频短语
a mixed bag — 好坏参半（口语）
vote with their wallets — 用消费选择来影响市场
a step in the right direction — 朝正确方向的一步（可用于让步）
carrots and sticks — 软硬兼施，胡萝卜加大棒
应试策略
8.5分要求展现近母语级的语言运用和思维深度。写作中避免模板化，通过重新框定问题体现批判性思维；口语中要用精确的修饰和地道表达，展现对复杂议题的分寸感。阅读与听力训练重点在于捕捉言外之意和态度取向。
本档提分建议
8.5的突破点在于：1) 语言地道性——搭配、习语、语域精准无误；2) 论证精致——让步真诚、反驳有力、角度独到；3) 语法弹性——前置、名词化等高级结构运用自如但不堆砌。每完成一节课，自查是否能做到以上三点。